Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• production of singlet oxygen and superoxide in vivo [109]. It is important to reduce dosages and systemic toxic effects, which can be achieved by increasing the ability for uptake and for avoiding clearance of photosensitizers in tumor tissue. Due to its shallow location and high clinical operability, oral

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• therapy (PDT) employs a light-sensitive medicine (photosensitizer) and a light source to destroy abnormal cells [72][73]. The photosensitizer absorbs the light and is activated to kill target tissue. In many cases, reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as singlet oxygen (1O2) generated from 3O2 by a

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• species production Singlet oxygen generation The ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a very important parameter for the determination of antibacterial activity of certain material. First, we examined the ROS generation of CQDs (Figure S2d, Supporting Information File 1). From this figure

• it is obvious that CQDs do not generate singlet oxygen. Further, we examined the ROS production of neat PU (control) and CQDs/PU composite samples by three methods, namely EPR, luminescence at 1270 nm, and UV–vis probe measurement. Figure 3a presents the intensity of EPR signals of control and CQDs

• /PU composite samples. The figure shows that the CQDs/PU composite samples do not generate singlet oxygen. Second, luminescence measurements were carried out at 1270 nm in different atmospheres, namely air, vacuum, and oxygen (Figure 3b,c). The results show that there is no singlet oxygen generation

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• complexes with both therapeutic and diagnostic potentials [148][152]. The primary reaction in sonodynamic therapy is the dissociation of water into HO• radicals or the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) within the targeted medium. It is thought that US cavitation and thermal effect are the leading causes of

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• microorganisms [151]. Superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen (1O2) are the most well-known ROS. The mechanism that better explains the synthesis of ROS from NPs is based on their photocatalytic activity (Figure 5). Metal compounds receive enough energy

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• environment. ROS refer to molecules like singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and radicals, which are responsible for producing oxidative stress in cells followed by cell death [4]. Photosensitizer molecules must be nontoxic before irradiated with light, must produce high amounts of ROS when irradiated with

• 3.5 mm at 1000 nm excitation [7]. Figure 3b shows the singlet oxygen production tests of FLG-Ce6 and pristine Ce6. The singlet oxygen production is indirectly observed through the fluorescence intensity of the singlet oxygen sensor green reagent (SOSG), which is a singlet oxygen reporter. Thus, FLG

• the output of each LED is approximately 80 mW, however the light diverges and part of this light is lost before reaching the sample. On average, the light source provides a total power in the center of the sample of approximately 150 mW. Singlet oxygen production assays We carried out a test in the

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• the formation of H aggregates between photosensitizer molecules, which hampers the production of singlet oxygen [50][51]. Hence, a careful choice of the hydrophobic block of the copolymer–photosensitizer couple for electrostatic interactions is needed. Interestingly, host–guest complexation of

• introducing an imidazole functionality on a poly[(ethylene glycol)-co-(aspartic acid)] backbone. The imidazole group can act as a singlet oxygen scavenger, which will transform it into a urea moiety. Upon light excitation, the encapsulated chlorin-e6 produces ROS species and the urea formation induces a size

• -assemblies when covalently linked and a precise stimulus is needed at the target site in order to activate the photosensitizers and produce ROS under illumination. Recent developments are summarized below in Table 2. Different strategies have been applied in order to produce singlet oxygen on demand [81

Air oxidation of sulfur mustard gas simulants using a pyrene-based metal–organic framework photocatalyst

• Ghada Ayoub,
• Mihails Arhangelskis,
• Xuan Zhang,
• Florencia Son,
• Timur Islamoglu,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Omar K. Farha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2422–2427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.232

• photosensitizer for generating singlet oxygen and subsequent oxidative degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). The high activity of NU-400 permits photocatalytic conversion of the 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) mustard gas simulant into a benign sulfoxide derivative, in air, with less than 15 minutes

• ; photocatalysis; singlet oxygen; sulfur mustard gas; Introduction Sulfur mustard gas also known as mustard gas, HD, or Yperite belongs to a class of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) known as vesicants, which have detrimental effects on humans, including the blistering of skin upon contact [1]. Even at a low dosage

• that will selectively produce the partially oxidized sulfoxide. In that context, a promising approach is the use of singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by photosensitization of ground-state molecular oxygen (3O2) via an electronically excited chromophore. The chromophores can be compounds with significant

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• ; singlet oxygen; Introduction Hybrid polymeric core–shell nanoparticles with encapsulated fluorescent dye molecules are frequently employed for life-science applications, such as cell labeling and drug delivery [1][2][3][4][5]. In recent years, polymeric hybrid nanoparticles and nanocapsules with tailored

• , singlet oxygen is obtained through the process of fluorescence quenching [13][14][15][16]. Photooxidation significantly changes the emission properties of fluorophores because of an irreversible chemical reaction. In a simple description, the longer the fluorescence lifetime and the lower the fluorescence

• TDI with λmax = 685 nm is observed. An important factor influencing the decrease of fluorescence efficiency is photooxidation. This kind of photochemical reaction is observed as a result of the interaction of the sample with singlet oxygen, which converts a fluorescent molecule into a state in which

The nanoscaled metal-organic framework ICR-2 as a carrier of porphyrins for photodynamic therapy

• Jan Hynek,
• Sebastian Jurík,
• Martina Koncošová,
• Jaroslav Zelenka,
• Ivana Křížová,
• Tomáš Ruml,
• Kaplan Kirakci,
• Ivo Jakubec,
• František Kovanda,
• Kamil Lang and
• Jan Demel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2960–2967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.275

• substituent at the porphyrin phosphinate groups. Thus, phosphinatophenylporphyrin with phenyl substituents has the strongest photodynamic efficacy due to the most efficient cellular uptake. Keywords: metal-organic framework; phosphinic acid based MOF; photodynamic therapy; porphyrin; singlet oxygen

• of variable geometry enables the preparation of a large number of structures with tuneable pore sizes, topologies, and chemical nature [1][2]. Among them, MOFs with photoactivatable properties such as luminescence and photosensitization of singlet oxygen, O2(1∆g), are particularly attractive [3][4][5

• ]. Singlet oxygen is a short-lived, highly oxidative species with bactericidal and virucidal properties [6]. The cytotoxic effect can be intentionally employed in anticancer treatment in the form of photodynamic therapy (PDT) [7][8]. The most commonly utilised photosensitizers in PDT are porphyrins or

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• ), superoxide anion radical (•O2−), singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Since the redox reaction takes place during the photocatalysis reaction, ROSs are produced sequentially both from O2 and H2O as illustrated in Figure 11 [113][114][115]. In general ROSs of •OH, H2O2, •O2− and 1O2 would be

• to a fluorescent molecule, rhodamine 123, by the reaction with H2O2 and peroxidase as shown in Figure 13b [115]. Detection methods for 1O2 1O2 is singlet oxygen, which is an excited state of O2. It can be deactivated to the original stable O2 without being involved in chemical reactions or electron

• transfer. The detection methods of 1O2 are focussed on (1) electron magnetic resonance and (2) fluorescence probe methods. Electron spin resonance detection with probe reagents For the detection of singlet oxygen in photocatalysis, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (HTMP), a well-known stable

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• laser light the wavelength of which corresponds to the maximum absorption peak can create hot electrons in the conductive band of gold and, as a result, generate especially active singlet oxygen (1O2), ·OH and O2− [33][34]. FTIR spectra Figure 6 compares the infrared spectra of cobalt ferrite NPs grown

Light-induced magnetoresistance in solution-processed planar hybrid devices measured under ambient conditions

• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Daniel Bülz,
• Danny Reuter,
• Karla Hiller,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Georgeta Salvan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1502–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.150

• exposure to ambient under UV illumination leads to a reaction, most probably with singlet oxygen and/or ozone [15]. As the magnetoresistance measurements are performed in presence of white light with a spectrum ranging from 400 to 700 nm, we believe that different parts of the wavelength spectra can have

ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by CuInZn_xS_2+x quantum dots as highly efficient solar light driven photocatalysts

• Florian Donat,
• Serge Corbel,
• Halima Alem,
• Steve Pontvianne,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1080–1093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.110

• range by the photocatalyst but also acts to decrease electron/hole recombination. Interestingly, the ZnO/ZCIS composite was found to produce increased amounts of H2O2 and singlet oxygen 1O2 compared to ZnO, suggesting that these reactive oxygen species play a key role in the photodegradation mechanism

• ; singlet oxygen; ZCIS quantum dots; ZnO; Introduction Over the last twenty years, the field of photocatalysis has attracted wide attention due to the environmental and energy crisis. Photocatalysis is considered to be a green technology, allowing the degradation of numerous contaminants both in water and

• crystal violet (LCV, 99%, Sigma), enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP, type II, Sigma), singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG, Molecular Probes), Rose Bengal (RB, 95%, Sigma) and chloroform (>99%, Carlo Erba) were used without further purification. ZCIS QD synthesis ZCIS QDs were synthesized using the Zn(OAc)2

The influence of phthalocyanine aggregation in complexes with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on the photophysical properties of the complexes

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov,
• Kevin Berwick and
• Alexander V. Baranov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.94

• , photoexcited tetrapyrrole molecules undergo intersystem crossing from a singlet state to a triplet state. Energy is then transferred from the triplet state to the surrounding oxygen molecules. This energy transfer converts oxygen to the extremely reactive singlet oxygen, which can destroy diseased cells [11

• ]. It is proposed to use QDs as energy donors, providing “indirect excitation” of tetrapyrrole molecules through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), increasing the generation of singlet oxygen by tetrapyrrole molecules in complexes with QDs. Colloidal QDs are particularly suited to the role of

Silica-coated upconversion lanthanide nanoparticles: The effect of crystal design on morphology, structure and optical properties

• Uliana Kostiv,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Hana Macková,
• Alexander Zhigunov,
• Hana Engstová,
• Katarína Smolková,
• Petr Ježek and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2290–2299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.235

• structure. The pure hexagonal phase was obtained at reaction temperatures ≥ 350 °C and annealing times above 1 h. To generate free radicals such as singlet oxygen (destructive to cancer cells) in biological experiments, the nanoparticles should emit photons at 660 nm to excite phthalocyanine, a typical

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• thus exciting the photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•) [6][7]. Photo-oxidation holds promises for the targeted treatment and controlled elimination of cancer cells [8]. ZnO NPs have also shown photo-oxidative anticancer

• under both light and dark conditions. The results indicate that ZnO:Ag nanocomposites have a higher photo-oxidative effect when compared with ZnO particles. In addition, the selected NPs show strong and differential cytotoxicity in cancer versus normal cells. Detection of singlet oxygen by chemical

• generated and their IC50 values were calculated. The IC50 value for the nanoparticles represents the concentration that inhibits 50% of cell growth. The experiments were performed twice with triplicates for each sample. Detection of singlet oxygen by chemical trapping 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) was

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• 2.5 nm. When the hybrid nanocomposite material was excited at 488 nm, it exhibited only one emission peak at 520 nm corresponding to fluorescein. The effectiveness of these nanocomposites to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) upon light irradiation was studied using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) by UV

• –vis spectroscopy. The decrease in the absorbance band at 400 nm suggested the successful photogeneration of singlet oxygen. The biocompatibility of these nanocomposites was studied by incubating these nanocomposites with human hepatocyte cells (QSG-7701) for 24 h. The results indicated that even after

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• species in the surrounding medium like O2 or water leads to singlet oxygen radicals and superoxide radical anions. According to the authors, these may then act as nucleation sites. One unresolved question here is the fact that these results differ significantly from other work [16][18] where calcium

Energy transfer in complexes of water-soluble quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules in different environments

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Alexander V. Baranov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov and
• Mikhail Artemyev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.101

• investigated [1][2][3][4]. The interest in complexes based on tetrapyrrole compounds has been sparked by their ability to generate singlet oxygen [5]. The singlet oxygen is used in different applications such as photodynamic therapy, blood plasma sterilization and wastewater treatment. In QD/tetrapyrrole

• complexes the efficiency of singlet oxygen generation may be significantly increased, as compared with the free tetrapyrroles, due to an efficient photoexcitation energy transfer from the QD to the molecule. QDs have unique optical properties such as a broad absorption spectrum with extremely high

• these complexes as singlet oxygen generators, two conditions should be simultaneously fulfilled: 1) the ability of the tetrapyrrole molecules to generate singlet oxygen upon complex formation should be maintained and 2) the effective intracomplex photoexcitation energy transfer should occur. In QD